C++ Manipulators

In C++ programs, Manipulators are operators used in formatting output. More so, the data is manipulated by the programmer’s choice of display. 

Here you will learn the different C++ manipulators such as endl manipulator, setw manipulator, setfill manipulator, and setprecision manipulator, as well as their general syntax

endl Manipulator: 

The endl manipulator has the same functionality as the ‘n’ newline character. 

Example:

cout << "Programming" << endl; 
cout << "Training";

setw Manipulator: 

The header file that must be included while using setw manipulator is displayed below:

Syntax:

setw(x)

• setw manipulator sets the minimum field width on output.x
• The setw causes the number or string that follows it to be printed within a field of x characters wide and x is the argument set in setw manipulator. 

Example:

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip> 
 
void main( )
{
int x1=123,x2= 234, x3=789;
cout << setw(8) << "Exforsys" << setw(20) << "Values" << endl
<< setw(8) << "test123" << setw(20)<< x1 << endl
<< setw(8) << "exam234" << setw(20)<< x2 << endl
<< setw(8) << "result789" << setw(20)<< x3 << endl;
}

setfill Manipulator: 

• The setfill can be used after setw manipulator. 
• Also, if a value does not fill a field, then the character specified in the setfill argument of the manipulator is then used in filling the fields.  

Example:

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
void main()
{
cout << setw(15) << setfill('*') << 99 << 97 << endl;
}

setprecision Manipulator: 

• This type of manipulator is used with floating-point numbers. 
• The setprecision manipulator is used to set the number of digits printed to the right of the decimal point. 
• We can use this in two forms; fixed and scientific. The two firms are used when the keywords fixed or scientific are appropriately used before the setprecision manipulator. 
• However, the keyword fixed is used before the setprecision manipulator prints the floating-point number in fixed notation. 
• Also, the keyword scientific when used before the setprecision manipulator prints the floating-point number in scientific notation. 

Example:

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
void main( )
{
float x = 0.1;
cout << fixed << setprecision(3) << x << endl;
cout << scientific << x << endl;
}